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Urartu ((アルメニア語:Ուրարտու) - ''Urartu'', Assyrian: ';〔Eberhard Schrader, ''The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament'' (1885), p. 65.〕 Babylonian: ''Urashtu''), corresponding to the biblical Kingdom of Ararat ((アルメニア語:Արարատյան Թագավորություն)) or Kingdom of Van ((アルメニア語:Վանի Թագավորություն), Urartian: ') was an Iron Age kingdom centered on Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. Strictly speaking, ''Urartu'' is the Assyrian term for a geographical region, while "kingdom of Urartu" or "Biainili lands" are terms used in modern historiography for the Urartian-speaking Iron Age state that arose in that region. This language appears in inscriptions. Though there is no written evidence of any other language being spoken in this kingdom, it is argued on linguistic evidence that Proto-Armenian came in contact with Urartian at an early date (3rd-2nd millennium BC).〔〔 That a distinction should be made between the geographical and the political entity was already pointed out by König (1955).〔F. W. König, ''Handbuch der chaldischen Inschriften'' (1955).〕 The landscape corresponds to the mountainous plateau between Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, the Iranian Plateau, and the Caucasus mountains, later known as the Armenian Highlands. The kingdom rose to power in the mid-9th century BC, but was conquered by Media in the early 6th century BC. The heirs of Urartu are the Armenians and their successive kingdoms.〔 ==Name== The name ''Urartu'' comes from Assyrian sources: the Assyrian King Shalmaneser I (1263–1234 BC) recorded a campaign in which he subdued the entire territory of "Uruatri."〔Abram Rigg Jr., Horace. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu". ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 57/4 (Dec., 1937), pp. 416–418.〕〔Zimansky, Paul E. ''Ancient Ararat: A Handbook of Urartian Studies''. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1998, p. 28. ISBN 0-88206-091-0.〕 The Shalmaneser text uses the name Urartu to refer to a geographical region, not a kingdom, and names eight "lands" contained within Urartu ( which at the time of the campaign were still disunited ) . "Urartu" is cognate with the Biblical "Ararat," Akkadian "Urashtu," and Armenian "Ayrarat." The name used by the local population as a toponym was ''Biainili'' (or ''Biaineli''), which forms the root of the Armenian ''Վան'' ("Van"),〔I. M. Diakonoff, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', 105/4 (Oct.–Dec. 1985), pp. 597–603.〕 hence the names "Kingdom of Van (Bianili)" or "Vannic Kingdom." Scholars such as Carl Ferdinand Friedrich Lehmann-Haupt (1910) believed that the people of Urartu called themselves ''Khaldini'' after their god Khaldi.〔Lehmann-Haupt, C. F. ''Armenien''. Berlin: B. Behr, 1910-31.〕 Boris Piotrovsky wrote that "the Urartians first appear in history in the 13th century B.C. as a league of tribes or countries which did not yet constitute a unitary state. In the Assyrian annals the term Uruatri (Urartu) as a name for this league was superseded during a considerable period of years by the term "land of Nairi"".〔Piotrovsky, Boris B. ''The Ancient Civilization of Urartu''. New York: Cowles Book Co., Inc., 1969, 51.〕 Scholars〔〔〔(Ararat (WebBible Encyclopedia) – ChristianAnswers.Net )〕 believe that ''Urartu'' is an Akkadian variation of ''Ararat'' of the Old Testament. Indeed, Mount Ararat is located in ancient Urartian territory, approximately 120 km north of its former capital. In addition to referring to the famous Biblical mountain, ''Ararat'' also appears as the name of a kingdom in Jeremiah 51:27, mentioned together with Minni and Ashkenaz. In the early 6th century BC, the Urartian Kingdom was replaced by the Armenian Orontid dynasty. In the trilingual Behistun inscription, carved in 521 or 520 BC〔Skjaervo, Prods Oktor, "An Introduction to Old Persian", Harvard 2002〕 by the order of Darius the Great of Persia, the country referred to as ''Urartu'' in Assyrian is called ''Arminiya'' in Old Persian and ''Harminuia'' in Elamite. ''Shubria'' (Akkadian: Armani-Subartu from the 3rd millennium BC) was part of the Urartu confederation. Later, there is reference to a district in the area called ''Arme'' or ''Urme'', which some scholars have linked to the name ''Armenia''.〔Lang, David Marshall. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970, p. 114. ISBN 0-04-956007-7.〕〔Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 (map), 30–32, 38, 43 ISBN 0-631-22037-2.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urartu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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